Line-of-sight channels normally contain many propagation paths, whereof one is the direct path and the others are paths were the signals are scattered on different objects. The interaction between these paths lead to fading phenomena, which is often modeled statistically using Rician fading (sometimes written as Ricean fading). The main assumption is that the complex-valued channel coefficient in the complex baseband can be divided into two parts:
where is the magnitude of the direct path between the transmitter and receiver and is the corresponding phase shift. The second part, , represents all the scattered paths. This part is separated from the direct path since it consists of many paths, each being of roughly the same strength but substantially weaker than the direct path. It is modeled by Rayleigh fading, which implies . The complex Gaussian distribution is motivated by the central limit theorem, which says that the sum of many independent and identically distributed random variables is approximately Gaussian.
Under these assumptions, the magnitude of the channel coefficient is Rice/Rician distributed, which is why it is called Rician fading. More precisely, , which depends on the magnitude and the variance of the scattering.
Interestingly, the distribution does not depend on the phase , because the magnitude removes phases and and are equally distributed. Hence, it is common to omit in the performance analysis of Rician fading channels. As long as the channel is perfectly known at the receiver, it will not make any difference when quantifying the SNR or capacity.
The common misunderstanding
We cannot neglect the phase when analyzing practical systems where the receiver needs to estimate the channel. The value of varies at the same pace as , and for exactly the same reason: The transmitter or receiver moves, which induces small phase shifts in every path. Since contains a large number of paths with approximately the same magnitude but random phases, the sum of the many terms with random phases give rise to the Gaussian distribution. The phase-shift of the direct path must be treated separately since this path is substantially stronger.
Unfortunately, my experience is that the vast majority of paper on Rician fading channels ignores this fact by simply treating as a deterministic constant that is perfectly known at the receiver. I have done this myself in several papers, including this one from 2010 that has received 200+ citations. Unfortunately, the results obtained with that simplified model are practically questionable. If we don’t know in advance, how can we know ? At best, the results obtained with a perfectly known can be interpreted as an upper bound on what is practically achievable.
We analyzed the importance of correctly modeled random phases in a recent paper on cell-free massive MIMO. We compared the performance when using an ideal phase-aware MMSE estimator and a phase-unaware LMMSE estimator. The spectral efficiency loss due to a lack of knowing ranges from 2% to 50% in different simulations, depending on the pilot length and interference situation. Hence, there are cases where it is very important to know the phase correctly.
Hi Emil,
This depends on the scenarios we are considering. If you are considering scenarios where transmitters/receivers are fixed or move slowly, but there are movements of objects around them, then I think the assumption of perfect phase is reasonable. We discussed this in our cell-free paper: https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/161968210/main_conference3.pdf
-Hien
Yes, this is a good point. If the transmitter and receiver are fixed, but the scatterers move, then theta will be constant even if s changes. But I don’t think this is the main cause of small-scale fading in practice.
Hi Emil,
I am wondering that in the context of cell-free OFDM, should we assume the frequency domain channel or time-domain channel to be Rician distributed.
If the time domain channel is Rician, what will be the distibution of frequency domain channel?
Thank you very much and look forward to reply from you.
Tony
The time-domain channel is described by, say, L taps. The first tap includes the line-of-sight path (which has the shortest time delay) while the remaining L-1 taps contain scattered paths. The channel at a particular frequency subcarrier is a linear combination of the L taps, which is computed using an FFT matrix. Hence, it is the channel at a particular subcarrier that is subject to Rician fading.
With Rayleigh fading, we tend to separate the channel gain in small-scale and large-scale fading contributions: g= sqrt(b) * h, where b is real and related with the large-scale fading and h is complex and related with small-scale fading. It was h that was Rayleigh distributed. Furthermore, due to channel hardening, it would disappear from closed-form expressions.
Will happen the same to Rician Fading?
It is common to also separate between large-scale and small-scale fading when dealing with the Rician fading model. You can basically take the expression in (1) and multiply with a large-scale fading coefficient. Moreover, people often define what the “k-factor” to specify which fraction of the large-scale fading that goes into the LOS path and which fraction goes into the NLOS component.
Channel hardening appears also in Rician fading channels.
Thanks Prof Emil!
Hi
I have a question about Rician channel with L taps. The frequencyselective
Rician fading channels with delay spread of L = 6
taps are considered for both direct link and reflecting link,
where the first tap is set as the deterministic line-of-sight (LoS)
component and the remaining taps are non-LoS components
following the Rayleigh fading distribution, with η being the
ratio of the total power of non-LoS components to that of
LoS component.
Is this a correct matlab code for the above definition?
h = zeros(L, 1);
h(1) = sqrt(eta/(1 + eta)); % LoS component
h(2:end) = sqrt(1/(2*(1 + eta))) * (randn(L-1, 1) + 1i * randn(L-1, 1)); % Non-LoS components
Yes, I think that is correct, but to be fully general, the LoS component should also have a random phase:
h(1) = sqrt(eta/(1 + eta))*exp(1i*2*pi*rand(1,1));
Thanks Prof. Björnson